2020管理类联考英语(二)语法—动词时态的基本用法【完成体】

一、2020管理类联考英语(二)语法—动词时态的基本用法【完成体】

1.现在完成时

1)一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在(也许还将持续下去)。表示从过去延续到现在并包括现在在内的一段时间的状语有：:lately,recently,in the last/past few days/years(在过去的这儿天/年里 ), since then, up to now, so far( 至今) 等. 如:

In the past few years,great changes have taken place in my hometown.

在过去的几年里,我的家乡发生了巨大变化。

He has been busy writing a book recently.

最近他一直在忙着写书。

He has written 8 books so far.

到现在为止,他一共写了8本书。

(2)一件发生在过去的事情对现在产生的影响,注意这时说话者说话的重心在"过去的事情对现在产生的影响".常用的状语有already,just(刚刚),yet,never,before等。如:

He has turned off the light.(=The light is off now.)

他关掉了灯。

The concert has started.(=The concert is on now.)

音乐会开始了。

I have already seen the film.(=I know the film now.)

我看过那部电影了。

(3)This/It is the first/second...time+that从句, that 从句的谓语要用现在完成时。 如:

This is the first time(that)I have come here.

这是我第一次来这里。

(4)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时间以前已完成的动作。如:

I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.

除非我亲眼看到, 否则我不会相信你的。(强调"看完")

I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.

我干完了工作就和你一起去。(强调 "干完" )

(5)瞬间动词又叫非延续性动词、终止性动词。瞬间动词可以用于完成时态,但不可以接表示一段时间的状语,若要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换。瞬间动词的否定式可以接表示一段时间的状语。如:

(x)He has come to Beijing since last year.

(√)He has lived in Beijing since last year.d b

(x)He has joined the army for 3 years.

(√)He has served in the army for 3 years.

(√)He joined the army 3 years ago.

(√)He has been a soldier for 3 years.

(√)It is 3 years since he joined the army.

(√)He has joined the army.

常见的瞬间动词有:come, go, get to/reach/arrive at/in, leave, buy, sell, open, close, get up, join/take part in, begin/start, return/give, borrow/lend, become/turn, bring/take, die,finish/end, receive/hear from,marry, break, lose, jump等.

2.过去完成时

(1)一件事情发生在过去,而另一件事情先于它发生(即表"过去的过去"),那么发生在前的事情的动词须用过去完成时。 时间状语可用before 等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示,也可通过上下文来表示。如:

She had learned some English before she came to the institute.

她在来学院前已经学过一些英语。

He said that he had been abroad for 3 years.

他说他在国外待了3年了。

(2)表示从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去的另一时间的动作,常用的时间状语有:by then, by that time, until, by the end of, before 2000, by the time+句子等。 如:

By then he had learned English for 3 years.

到那时,他已经学了3年荚语了。

Until then he had known nothing about it yet.

到那时为止,他对此仍一无所知。

(3)在 "hardly/scarcely/rarely..when..""no sooner..than.."型中,when和than从句中用一般过去时,hardly/scarcely/rarely主句中用过去完成时,且位于句首时,主句部分要进行倒装, 表示"刚刚·.就...." 如:

Hardly/Scarcely/Rarely had I got home when the rain poured down.

我刚到家,大雨就倾盆而下。

No sooner had we started than the car got a flat tyre.

我们才刚刚启动,汽车的轮胎就漏气了。

(4 )It was/had been +一段时间 +since从句。since 从句的谓语用过去完成时。 如:

It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time.

我们10年没这么高兴了。

(5)That/It/This was the first/second time..+that句.that从句的谓语要用过去完成时。如:

It was the third time(that)he had made the same mistake.

这是他第三次犯同样的错误了。

That was the first time that I had passed the exam.

那是我第一次考试及格。

(6)表示愿望，打算一类的词,如hope,expect,mean,intend,want,think,suppose等,其过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的愿望或意图。 如:

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